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The Managed Reflection API gives you access to further metadata. As mentioned previously, there are several one-to-many relationships between abstractions stored in metadata. Most of these relationships are bound to type definitions. A type definition can have many type members of different kinds. These type members include fields (member variables), methods (member functions), properties, events, and nested type definitions. For each of these different kinds of type members, the Managed Reflection API contains a class that delivers type-specific metadata. These classes are FieldInfo, MethodInfo, ConstructorInfo, PropertyInfo, and EventInfo from the namespace System::Reflection, as well as the class System::Type. To receive instances for these types, System::Type provides functions with the prefix Get. As an example, for fields, these functions are GetField and GetFields. GetField has a String^ argument that allows you to pass the name of the requested field. It returns a handle to the FieldInfo object describing the requested field, or nullptr if a public field with that name does not exist. GetFields returns an array with one element for each public field. MethodInfo and ConstructorInfo have a common base class called MethodBase. This base class allows you to determine the parameter list of a method. The following code iterates through all public methods of a type whose type object was passed as an argument to DumpMethods, and writes the method s signature, including the return type and the parameter types, to the console: // DumpMethods.cpp // build with "CL /clr:safe DumpMethods.cpp" using namespace System; using namespace System::Reflection; void DumpMethods(Type^ t) { Console::WriteLine("Public methods of type {0}:", t->FullName); for each (MethodInfo^ mi in t->GetMethods()) { Console::Write("{0} {1}(", mi->ReturnType->FullName, mi->Name); bool isFirstParam = true; for each(ParameterInfo^ pi in mi->GetParameters()) { if (isFirstParam) isFirstParam = false; else Console::Write(", "); Console::Write("{0}", pi->ParameterType); } Console::WriteLine(")"); } } int main() { DumpMethods(String::typeid); }

The Utilities class contains utility methods that are used by other parts of the CSLA .NET framework. Many of these methods abstract the use of the .NET type system and reflection. Table 6-5 lists the methods in this class.

Provides functionality comparable to the VB runtime IsNumeric() function; determines whether a value can be converted to a number Provides functionality comparable to the VB runtime CallByName() function; calls a property or method by name, using reflection Gets the type returned by a property, returning the primitive type even if the value is Nullable(Of T) Gets the type of the items contained in a list or collection Coerces a value from one type into another type; somewhat like doing a cast but far more aggressive and powerful

Using the Reflection API, it is also possible to access a type s member dynamically If you have a handle to a MethodInfo object, you can call the method via MethodInfo::Invoke A FieldInfo object can be used to read or write the field s value via GetValue and SetValue For properties and events, similar members exist Such runtime-bound dynamic access to type members is obviously much slower than a direct method call or direct field access (For static and non-static methods without arguments and return values, a call is about 300 times slower Depending on the signature, the overhead can be multiples of that) However, dynamic access can be helpful for implementing helper algorithms that can operate on objects even if the objects type is not known at build time.

Although these methods exist primarily to support the CSLA .NET framework itself, they are Public and can be used by business or UI code as well. In particular, IsNumeric(), CallByName(), and CoerceValue() can be useful in many scenarios. The Csla namespace includes other types beyond those discussed in this chapter. The classes discussed here, and all the rest of the classes, exist to support important features such as data binding, business and validation rules, authorization rules, the data portal, LINQ to CSLA, and so forth. As I discuss each subsystem in s 7 through 14, you ll get a full understanding of all the types.

Control layer will reside within a specific interface and will not be available to any other interfaces that you might create later Any business logic written into, say, a WPF interface is useless to a web or service interface and must therefore be written into those as well This instantly leads to duplicated code, which is a maintenance nightmare You can separate these two layers through techniques such as clearly defined procedural models or object-oriented design and programming In this book, I ll show how to use object-oriented concepts to help separate the business logic from the interface It is important to recognize that a typical application will use business logic in a couple of different ways Most applications have some user interaction, such as forms in which the user views or enters data into the system.

As an example, a data binding implementation can automatically bind control fields of a dialog to data fields of a data object based on field names Before the dialog is displayed, a helper method of the data binding implementation could be called This method can easily get FieldInfo objects for all fields of the data source class and the dialog class FieldInfo objects from the data source class and FieldInfo objects from the dialog class with matching field names could be used to automatically read the value of the fields in the data source and to set the control s text in the dialog with these fields When the OK button of the dialog is clicked, a helper function could be called that dynamically updates the fields from the data source with values dynamically read from the controls fields.

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