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You would expect the compiler to produce code that allocates the memory for a Singleton, calls the constructor to initialize the fields, and then assigns the reference into the s_value field . Making a value visible to other threads is called publishing . But the compiler could do this instead: allocate memory for the Singleton, publish (assign) the reference into s_value, and then call the constructor . From a single thread s perspective, changing the order like this has no impact . But what if, after publishing the reference into s_value and before calling the constructor, another thread calls the GetSingleton method This thread will see that s_value is not null and start to use the Singleton object, but its constructor has not finished executing yet! This can be a very hard bug to track down, especially since it is all due to timing . The call to Interlocked.Exchange fixes this problem . It ensures that the reference in temp can be published into s_value only after the constructor has finished executing . Another way to solve this problem would be to mark the s_value field with C# s volatile keyword . This makes the write to s_value volatile, and again, the constructor has to finish running before the write can happen . Unfortunately, this makes all reads volatile, too, and since there is no need for this, you are hurting your performance with no benefit .

In the beginning of this section, I mentioned that the double-check locking technique is not that interesting . In my opinion, developers think it is cool, and they use it far more often than they should . In most scenarios, this technique actually hurts efficiency . Here is a much simpler version of the Singleton class that behaves the same as the previous version . This version does not use the double-check locking technique:

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Use decision tables to replace complicated conditions Sometimes you have a complicated test involving several variables. It can be helpful to use a decision table to perform the test rather than using ifs or cases. A decision-table lookup is easier to code initially, having only a couple of lines of code and no tricky control structures. This minimization of complexity minimizes the opportunity for mistakes. If your data changes, you can change a decision table without changing the code; you only need to update the contents of the data structure.

internal sealed class Singleton { private static Singleton s_value = new Singleton(); // Private constructor prevents any code outside this class from creating an instance private Singleton() { // Code to initialize the one Singleton object goes here... } // Public, static method that returns the Singleton object (creating it if necessary) public static Singleton GetSingleton() { return s_value; } }

Not a few people don t have not any trouble understanding a nonshort string of nonpositives that is, most people have trouble understanding a lot of negatives. You can do several things to avoid complicated negative boolean expressions in your programs.

We ll assume that you got your tests running on the build machine one way or another, and show you how to integrate MSTest with CCNet and TeamCity. As usual, you begin by extending the MSBuild script, as shown here. Listing 6.6 An MSBuild target for running MSTest

Since the CLR automatically calls a type s class constructor the first time code attempts to access a member of the class, the first time a thread queries Singleton s GetSingleton method, the CLR will automatically call the class constructor, which creates an instance of the object . Furthermore, the CLR already ensures that calls to a class constructor are thread safe . I explained all of this in 8 . The one downside of this approach is that the type constructor is called when any member of a class is first accessed . If the Singleton type defined some other static members, then the Singleton object would be created when any one of them was accessed . Some people work around this problem by defining nested classes . Let me show you a third way of producing a single Singleton object:

In if statements, convert negatives to positives and flip-flop the code in the if and else clauses Here s an example of a negatively expressed test:

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