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We use much the same syntax as we do for a class definition, but using the keyword interface instead. Notice also that we dropped the abstract modifier on the members; an interface is implicitly without implementation. There are no accessibility modifiers on the members either; an interface member is only ever allowed to be public. The only other change we ve made is to prefix our interface name with an I. This is not a rule, but another one of those naming conventions to which most people conform. We can now implement those interfaces on our Administrator, as shown in Example 4-21.

class Administrator : INamedPerson, ISalariedPerson { public decimal Salary { get; set; } public string Name { get { StringBuilder name = new StringBuilder(); AppendWithSpace(name, Title); AppendWithSpace(name, Forename); AppendWithSpace(name, Surname); return name.ToString(); } } // ...

This code defines a function called parent, which declares a local variable called testVariable. In the parent function, you declare the child function. The child function can access, in its body, the testVariable and arg variables that are defined outside its body. The last statement of the parent function invokes the child function, which should display the values of the variables in a message box on screen. This is what happens if you invoke the parent function this way:

}

And we can implement them on our FirefighterBase, as shown in Example 4-22.

Remember that value parameters allocate memory on the stack for the formal parameters. In contrast, reference parameters have the following characteristics: They do not allocate new memory on the stack for the formal parameters. A formal parameter name acts as an alias for the actual parameter variable, referring to the same memory location. Since the formal parameter name and the actual parameter name reference the same memory location, clearly any changes made to the formal parameter during method execution will be visible after the method is completed, through the actual parameter variable.

abstract class FirefighterBase : INamedPerson, ISalariedPerson { public string Name { get; set; } public decimal Salary { get; set; } } // ...

Notice that we can happily implement the setter on our FirefighterBase, even though the interface only requires a getter. The restrictions on how you implement the interface as long as you conform to the contract it specifies are much looser than those on overrides of a base class. Also, C# doesn t allow you to use the simple property syntax to define virtual properties or their overrides, but there is no such restriction when you re implementing an interface. So we ve been able to use simple property syntax here rather than having to implement using full-blown properties. We can now make use of this interface in our FireStation class. Instead of a list of objects, we can use a list of INamedPerson, and call on the Name property in our RollCall method, as shown in Example 4-23.

class FireStation { List<INamedPerson> clockedInStaff = new List<INamedPerson>(); public void ClockIn(INamedPerson staffMember) { if (!clockedInStaff.Contains(staffMember)) { clockedInStaff.Add(staffMember); Console.WriteLine("Clocked in {0}", staffMember.Name); } } public void RollCall() { foreach (INamedPerson staffMember in clockedInStaff) { Console.WriteLine(staffMember.Name);

}

The CLR has a tool called the Garbage Collector (GC), which automatically manages memory. The GC automatically deletes objects from memory that your program will no longer access. The GC relieves the programmer of tasks that he or she has traditionally had to perform, such as deallocating memory and hunting for memory leaks. Hunting for memory leaks can be difficult and time-consuming, so this is no small feature.

}

}

If you ve been following through the code in Visual Studio (which I thoroughly recommend), you ll also need to change your object initializers back to this form:

parent("Yes, ");

Firefighter joe = new Firefighter { Name = "Joe" };

The .NET Framework was designed for interoperability between different .NET languages, the operating system, and COM. .NET language interoperability allows software modules written using different .NET languages to interact. A program written in one .NET language can use and even inherit from a class written in another .NET language, as long as certain rules are followed. Because of its ability to easily integrate modules produced in different programming languages, the .NET Framework is sometimes described as language agnostic. The platform invoke (P/Invoke) features allow code written for .NET called managed code to call and use code not written for .NET, such as the Win32 system calls. The .NET Framework allows interoperability with COM, in that .NET software components can call COM components, and COM components can call .NET components.

If we compile and run, we get the output we hoped for a roll call of everyone in the station:

Clocked in Joe Clocked in Bill Clocked in Harry Clocked in Mr Arthur Askey Joe Bill Harry Mr Arthur Askey

Interfaces support inheritance too, just like classes. If you want, you could create a named, salaried person interface like this:

interface INamedSalariedPerson : INamedPerson, ISalariedPerson { }

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