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Notice how we re creating our object, and then providing two additional references to it: one through a variable of type ISettableNamedPerson and one through INamedPerson. We then call on the Name property through each of those interfaces, and get the following output:

Accessed through the ISettableNamedPerson interface hello Accessed through the INamedPerson interface hello

Console.WriteLine(both.Name);

Add the following line to the main function and compile, and we get a compiler error!

Compiling to the Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

'AFootInBothCamps' does not contain a definition for 'Name' and no extension method 'Name' accepting a first argument of type 'AFootInBothCamps' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference )

We ve seen that error before; it means we re trying to talk to a member that doesn t exist. What s happened is that the members that are explicitly implemented exist only if we are accessing them through the relevant interfaces. However, as long as we explicitly implement one of the two (or two of the three, or however many we re stuck with), we can choose one interface as our default and implement it using the regular syntax, as shown in Example 4-26.

class AFootInBothCamps : INamedPerson, ISettableNamedPerson { private string settableName; // Regular implementation syntax public string Name { get { Console.WriteLine("Accessed through the INamedPerson interface"); return settableName; } } string ISettableNamedPerson.Name { get { return settableName; } set { Console.WriteLine("Accessed through the ISettableNamedPerson " + "interface"); if( settableName != null && settableName.Contains(" ") ) { // You can't set it if it contains the space // character return; } settableName = value; } }

}

Every JavaScript object has a property called prototype that returns a reference to an internal object called the prototype. The prototype object plays a major role in JavaScript because it s used to define the template of an object and to implement inheritance.

The compiler for a .NET language takes a source code file and produces an output file called an assembly. In non-.NET terms, an assembly is either an executable or a DLL. The process is illustrated in Figure 1-3. The code in the assembly is not native machine code, but an intermediate language called the Common Intermediate Language (CIL). Among other things, the assembly contains the following: The program s CIL Metadata about the types used in the program Metadata about references to other assemblies

Now we can compile and run, and the default implementation for our class is the one for the INamedPerson interface:

Accessed through the ISettableNamedPerson interface hello Accessed through the INamedPerson interface hello Accessed through the INamedPerson interface hello

In real life, you don t often come across this need for explicit interface implementation. If you have control over all the code in the application, you should avoid designing in a clash where the names are the same but the semantics are different. Like overloads or overrides with different meanings, it surprises other developers. The .NET Framework contains a few examples where it uses explicit interface implementation to hide the interface members from the public API of a class, even though there is no clash. The authors are unconvinced that this improves matters. More often, you will come across this usage where you don t have control of the code with two third-party libraries, for instance, both of which declare interfaces with different semantics but a clash of names. Even then, this is not a problem unless you happen to need to implement both interfaces on one class. Even rarer!

We ve clearly simplified our code by introducing interfaces into our model. Would we ever want to use abstract base classes rather than an interface Well, we ve already seen an example where an abstract base class is a good choice if there s additional implementation scaffolding that we wish to bring along with us, and the abstract members are plumbed into that structure. It would be unnecessary to introduce an interface just for the abstract member. In general, an interface is a good way of defining just the contract, without providing any implementation at all, especially if that contract is shared between different parts of a system. It also has strict versioning rules: if you add or remove members from an interface and ship your assembly, it is a different interface and will no longer be binary compatible with code that implements the previous version of the interface (although clients that just call through the interface will still work fine if you haven t removed or changed something on which they depended). With an abstract base class, you can generally add members and it remains binary compatible with older code (although a new abstract member will also break anyone who inherits from it, of course).

Figure 1-3. The compilation process The acronym for the intermediate language has changed over time. Other terms for the CIL that you might encounter are IL (Intermediate Language), and MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language), which was used during initial development and early documentation.

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