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Not all streams support seeking. For example, some streams represent network connections, which you might use to download gigabytes of data. The .NET Framework doesn t remember every single byte just in case you ask it to seek later on, so if you attempt to rewind such a stream, Seek will throw a NotSupportedException. You can find out whether seeking is supported from a stream s CanSeek property.

We don t just have to use streaming APIs for reading. We can write to the stream, too. One very common programming task is to copy data from one stream to another. We use this kind of thing all the time copying data, or concatenating the content of several files into another, for example. (If you want to copy an entire file, you d use File.Copy, but streams give you the flexibility to concatenate or modify data, or to work with nonfile sources.) Example 11-46 shows how to read data from one stream and write it into another. This is just for illustrative purposes .NET 4 added a new CopyTo method to Stream which does this for you. In practice you d need Example 11-46 only if you were targeting an older version of the .NET Framework, but it s a good way to see how to write to a stream.

private static void WriteTo(Stream source, Stream target, int bufferLength) { bufferLength = Math.Max(100, bufferLength); var buffer = new byte[bufferLength]; int bytesRead; do {

The following code has only the default case: for( int x=1; x<4; x++ ) { switch( x ) { default: Console.WriteLine("x is {0} -- In Default case", x); break; } } This code produces the following output: x is 1 -- In Default case x is 2 -- In Default case x is 3 -- In Default case

}

bytesRead = source.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); if (bytesRead != 0) { target.Write(buffer, 0, bytesRead); } } while (bytesRead > 0);

We create a buffer which is at least 100 bytes long. We then Read from the source and Write to the target, using the buffer as the intermediary. Notice that the Write method takes the same parameters as the read: the buffer, an offset into that buffer, and the number of bytes to write (which in this case is the number of bytes read from the source buffer, hence the slightly confusing variable name). As with Read, it steadily advances the current position in the stream as it writes, just like that ticker tape. Unlike Read, Write will always process as many bytes as we ask it to, so with Write, there s no need to keep looping round until it has written all the data. Obviously, we need to keep looping until we ve read everything from the source stream. Notice that we keep going until Read returns 0. This is how streams indicate that we ve reached the end. (Some streams don t know in advance how large they are, so you can rely on the Length property for only certain kinds of streams such as FileStream. Testing for a return value of 0 is the most general way to know that we ve reached the end.)

using System; public static class HumanResources { public static int GetEmployeeCount(string department) { int count = 0; switch (department) { case "Sales": count = 10; break; case "Engineering": count = 28; break; case "Marketing":

So, we ve seen how to read and write data to and from streams, and how we can move the current position in the stream by seeking to some offset from a known position. Up until now, we ve been using the File.OpenRead and File.OpenWrite methods to create our file streams. There is another method, File.Open, which gives us access to some extra features. The simplest overload takes two parameters: a string which is the path for the file, and a value from the FileMode enumeration. What s the FileMode Well, it lets us specify exactly what we want done to the file when we open it. Table 11-6 shows the values available.

The expression following the keyword case, in a switch label Must be a constant expression, and therefore must be completely evaluable by the compiler at compile time Must be of the same type as the test expression For example, Figure 9-5 shows three sample switch statements.

Purpose Creates a brand new file. Throws an exception if it already existed. Creates a new file, deleting any existing file and overwriting it if necessary. Opens an existing file, seeking to the beginning by default. Throws an exception if the file does not exist. Opens an existing file, or creates a new file if it doesn t exist. Opens an existing file, and deletes all its contents. The file is automatically opened for writing only. Opens an existing file and seeks to the end of the file. The file is automatically opened for writing only. You can seek in the file, but only within any information you ve appended you can t touch the existing content.

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