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Some of those routes may prove to be quicker, meaning that the packets can arrive at their destination in a different order than you sent them Writing networked applications can be challenging if you have no idea whether any particular message will be received, nor any way of knowing in what order the ones that do arrive will turn up So to make life easier, we have the Transmission Control Protocol the TCP in TCP/IP This is a protocol that sits on top of IP and adds some useful features It provides support for connections rather than each packet being handled in isolation, each transmission is part of the sequence of communication occurring over the connection TCP puts sequence numbers into each IP packet so that it can detect when packets arrived out of order And finally, the receiving machine acknowledges receipt of each message.

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Clients use this to work out how fast the messages are getting through, which enables them to send data at a rate that matches the network s ability to deliver, avoiding problems with mismatched network speeds and network congestion And clients also use this to work out when data didn t get through and needs to be resent..

These features enable TCP to offer a data transmission service that sends data in order, at a rate that will not try to exceed the capacity of the network routes available and in a fashion that is reliable in the face of occasional packet loss A socket is usually just an API on top of a TCP connection that presents a stream-style API your program can write data into a socket stream, and the TCP/IP networking code running on the computers at both ends uses TCP to ensure that the program at the receiving end has another socket stream from which it can read the exact same sequence of bytes you wrote into the stream The programs don t need to know about out-of-order delivery or packet loss As long as the networks are not hopelessly lossy, it looks like there is perfectly reliable in-order transmission.

TCP sockets are symmetrical, in that both ends can send and receive data And the directions are independent communication can be full duplex, so there s no need for the two ends to take it in turns TCP also solves the problem of how the receiving computer knows what it s supposed to do with incoming data A single computer may offer many network services a small company might run the intranet web server, file server, and email server on the same computer, for example So TCP adds the concept of port numbers A service on a target machine will be associated with a particular number There s a central administrative body called IANA the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority which (among other things) assigns and publishes port numbers for common services For example, IANA has designated port 80 as the TCP port on which HTTP servers usually accept incoming requests.

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When a web browser (or the WebClient class we saw earlier) fetches a resource via HTTP, it does so by opening a TCP connection to port 80..

A single client computer might open several simultaneous connections to the same service web browsers often do this in order to download the various pictures, CSS, and JavaScript files concurrently, so as to be able to display the web page sooner. To distinguish between them, each connection has a client-side port number as well as a server-side port. But while you need to know the server port in order to connect, the client port number is usually picked for you dynamically by the OS.

Let s look at a real example. We re going to connect to a service using a very old and very simple protocol called Daytime Protocol. This hasn t changed since its specification was published in 1983 you can find its definition in a document called RFC867 at http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc867.html. It s remarkably simple: clients open a TCP connection to port 13 on a server that offers the daytime service, and the server will send back the time of day as text and then close the connection. The specification is pretty vague about the format it says this:

There is no specific syntax for the daytime. It is recommended that it be limited to the ASCII printing characters, space, carriage return, and line feed. The daytime should be just one line.

0--since this is first 1--one more than the previous one 2--one more than the previous one 3--one more than the previous one 4--this is a common way to assign a constant to the count of the listed items.

It then goes on to give examples of a couple of popular formats, but servers are free to do pretty much anything they like.

This is a service that cannot be accessed with the WebClient or any of the WebRequest family of classes those types expect data to be layered inside HTTP (or sometimes another higher-level protocol such as FTP), but Daytime Protocol just makes very basic, direct use of plain TCP. So we need to use sockets if we want to access such a service. The U.S. government s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) lists a few servers that offer this daytime service. Once such machine, located in Redmond, Washington, has the DNS name of time-nw.nist.gov. We ll use that. To start with, we need to look up its IP address, which we ll do using a similar technique to Example 13-22:

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IPHostEntry hostDnsEntry = Dns.GetHostEntry("time-nw.nist.gov"); IPAddress serverIp = hostDnsEntry.AddressList[0];

Next, we need to open a TCP connection to port 13 (the daytime service port) on that machine. To do this, we ll need a Socket object.

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